jurnal spektrofotometri

Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society

versión On-line ISSN 0717-9707

J. Chil. Chem. Soc. v.53 n.3 Concepción sep. 2008

doi: 10.4067/S0717-97072008000300009

J. Chil. Chem. Soc, 53, N° 3 (2008) págs: 1594-1598 SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF YEAST RNA WITH CRYSTAL VIOLET AND ITS ANALYTICAL APPLICATION NA ZHAO1, MANXIA WANG2, XUELIANG NIU1, WEI SUN1* AND KUI JIAO1 1.College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China; 2. Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of People' s Republic of China, Qingdao 266002, P. R. China. ABSTRACT The interaction of crystal violet (CV) with yeast RNA (yRNA) was studied by UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometric method in this paper and further a simple spectrophotometric method for the yRNA determination was proposed. At a pH 4.0 Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution, CV had a máximum absorption peak at 590 nm, which was greatly decreased by the addition of yRNA. The conditions of CVinteracted with yRNA were carefully investigated. Underthe optimal conditions the decrease of absorbance value was proportional to the concentration of yRNA in the range from 3.33x10-6 to 1.67x10-5 mol L-1 when 2.0 x 105 mol L-1 CV was employed. The detection limit was calculated as 5.34 x 10-7 mol L-1 (3σ) and different samples were determined satisfactorily. The binding number and the binding constant of CV with yRNA were calculated by spectrophotometric data with the results as 1 and 1.69 x 105 L mol-1, respectively. The reaction mechanism was discussed with the electrostatic attraction led to molecular association of yRNA with CV. Keywords: crystal violet, yeast RNA, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, interaction INTRODUCTION Nucleic acids (NAs) are very important for their specific functions in the life science. The quantitative determination of NAs is of great importance for its wide use in bioanalytical chemistry and clinical test. Many methods have been proposed for the NAs determination including UV-Vis spectrophotometry,1,2 fluorescence,3,4light-scattering technique5,6 and electrochemical methods.7,8 Since the natural spectroscopic response of NAs is not very sensitive, most of the detection methods are based on the interaction of various molecules with NAs. Spectrophotometry has been widely used to study the interaction of NAs with numerous molecules such as metal chelates, dyes and drugs in solution.9-11 But most of them are focused on the investigation with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for its importance in related to the replication and transcription, mutation of genes, action mechanisms of some DNA-related diseases and DNA-targeted drugs, specific sequence gene detection and so on. Compared with DNA, the reports on the interaction with ribonucleic acid (RNA) is seldom to our knowledge. RNA is also important in the process of transcription and some of the gene information is concerned with RNA.12 More evidences indícate that proteins may take advantage of the conformational polymorphism in the RNA backbone to recognize the specific binding sites on the macromolecule. Some transition metal chelates such as rhodium (III) phenanthroline, ruthenium (II) polypyridine, zinc (II) imidazole etc. have been served as the selective probé for RNA recognition and hydrolysis. The interaction of these molecules with RNA can be used to better understand the structure and nature of RNA.13-17 Recently, Sun et al. applied an electrochemical method to investígate the interaction between pyronine B with RNA.18 So it is essential to establish the quantitative method for RNA determination and the results can be used as a reference for measurements of other components in biological system. In this paper, crystal violet (CV) was selected as the spectrophotometric probé to determine yeast RNA (yRNA). Yeast RNA was extracted from yeast cell and often used as a model for RNA investigation, while CV is a triphenylmethane cationic dye with low cost and often used as biological stains with its structure shown in Figure 1. The spectrophotometric behaviors of crystal violet (CV) in the absence and presence of yeast RNA (yRNA) in buffer solution was examined in this paper. In pH 4.0 Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution, the interaction of yRNA with CV resulted in the changes of UV-Vis absorbance curve, which could be further used for yRNA detection. Under the optimal conditions, the binding number and the binding constant were calculated by the spectrophotometric data and the reaction mechanism was further discussed. Apparatus and reagents The experiments were carried out on a 721 E UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shanghai Spectra Instrumental Company) and a Cary model 50 probé spectrophotometer (Varian, Australia). The pH valúes were measured with a pH-25 acidimeter (Shanghai Leici Instrument Factory, China). Yeast ribonucleic acid (yRNA, Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagents Company, China) was used as received without further purification. A 3.33 x 10-3 mol L-1 stock solution of yRNA (the mole of yRNA was defined as that of a repetitive disaccharide unit of yRNA and used as 300) was prepared by dissolving it in double-distilled water and stored at 4°C. The working solutions were obtained by diluting the stock solution with water before use. The sample of Instant Dry Yeast was purchased from Hubei Angel Yeast Co. Ltd (2007-ll-13w). The concentration of yRNA was determined spectrophotometrically according to the absorbance at 260 nm after establishing that the absorbance ratio of A260/A280 was in the range of 1.80-2.00 for RNA, which indicated that the yRNA was free of protein. The molar extinction coefficient (εRNA) value was taken as 7800 L·mol-1·cm-1. A 1.0x1.0-3 mol L-1 crystal violet (CV, Shanghai Yuanhang Chemical Factory, China) solution was prepared by dissolving 0.0408 g CV into water and diluted to 100 mL. 0.2 mol L-1 Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution was used to control the acidity of the interaction solution. All the chemicals used were of analytical reagents grade and double-distilled water was used throughout. Procedure Into a 10 mL calibrated tube 0.2 mL of 1.0x10-3 mol L-1 CV solution, 2.0 mL of pH 4.0 B-R buffer solution and an appropriate amount of standard yRNA solution or yeast samples were added in sequences. The mixture was diluted to the scale with water and shaken homogeneously, then stood for reaction at 25°C for 20 min. The spectra or absorbance of the mixed solution were measured with the reference to water and the absorbance value at 590 nm was recorded (A). Under the same conditions, the absorbance value of the solution (A0) without the addition of yRNA was obtained. The difference of the absorbance (AA = A0- A) was used for the determination of the yRNA concentration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Feature of UV-Vis absorption spectra Figure 2 showed the UV-Vis absorption spectra of CV and its mixture with yRNA. In pH 4.0 B-R buffer solution, CV had a máximum absorption band at 590 nm (curve 2) and yRNA showed no absorption in the selected wavelength range (curve 1). When yRNA solution was added into CV solution, a significant hypochromic effect was observed without the shift of wavelength (curve 3). The results indicated that an interaction was took place in the mixture solution. Based on the decrease of absorbance value, a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was further established for yRNA determination. Optimization of general procedures Effect of buffer pH The influence of buffer pH on the binding reaction was studied and the results were shown in Figure 3. In the pH range from 3.0 to 8.0, the value of AA reached its máximum at pH 4.0, henee this pH was selected for the assay. The amount of 0.2 mol L-1 B-R buffer was selected with the result as 1.0 mL of B-R buffer used in a final 10 mL solution. Effect of CV concentration The effect of the CV concentration on the binding reaction was examined by fixing yRNA concentration at 100.0 mg L-1. As shown in Figure 4, when the concentration of CV was at 2.0x10-5 mol L-1, the difference of absorbance value (AA) reached its máximum, so the final concentration of CV was fixed at 2.0x10-5 mol L-1 inthis experiment. Reaction time, temperature and stability The binding reaction oceurred quickly at 25°C and reached the equilibrium for about 20 min. The absorbance value remained constant for about 1 hour, which indicated that this system was stable enough for the routine application. Interference of foreign substances The influences of coexisting substances such as metal ions, amino acids and glucose etc. on the determination of 1.67x10-5 mol L-1 yRNA were tested and the results were listed in Table 1. Most of these substances had little effect on the determination, so this analytical method had good selectivity. Calibration curve Under the optimal conditions a linear relationship of AA against the yRNA concentration was established. The linear regression equation was got as AA= 1.52x10-7 C (mol L-1) + 0.0024 (n=7, γ =0.998) with the concentration range from 3.33x10-6 to 1.67x10-5 mol I-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of 11 parallel determinations of 6.64x 10-6 mol L-1 yRNA was got as 2.43 %. The detection limit (3σ) of this method was given by 3S0/S and the result was got as 5.34x10-7 mol L-1, where 3 is the factor atthe 99 % confidential level, S0 is the standard deviation of the black measurements (n=11) and S is the slope of the calibration curve. The quantification limit was given by 10 S and got as 1.52x10-6 mol L-1 and the determination limit was 3.33x10-6 mol L-1. Samples determination Synthetic and real samples were detected in order to test the practicability of the proposed method. Three yRNA synthetic samples containing amino acid. metal ions etc. were determined with the proposed method and the results were shown in Table 2. The instant dry yeast samples were further determined with the proposed method by using the standard addition procedure and the results were shown in Table 3. It can be seen that the proposed method was practical and reliable forthe sample determination with satisfactory results. Stoichiometry of CV and yRNA complex The binding number of CV with yRNA unit was obtained by the molar ratio method. The relationship between the absorbance value and the concentration of yRNA was shown in Figure 5. The absorbance value became stability when the concentration of yRNA was big enough. The point of Ínter section of these two lines was got at the yRNA concentration as C yRNA=1.94x10-5 mol L-1, henee the molar ratio between CV and yRNA unit was got as Nc=Ccv/CyRNA ≈ 1. The binding constant K( was further determined with the following equation: 19,20 where A0 and A are the absorbance value of the free guest and the apparent one, εG and εH-G are the absorption coefficients of the guest and the complex, respectively. By changing the concentration of yRNA in CV solution, the absorbance value was obtained and the relationship of A0/(A-A0) with 1/[yRNA] was plotted. From the equation A0/(A-A0)=3.74x10-5/[yRNA]-6.17, the ratio of the intercept to the slope gave the value of the binding constant (Kf) as 1.65 x 10= Lmol-1. The schematic presentation of the interaction between yRNA and CV could be illustrated in Figure 6 and the interaction mechanism was further discussed. In the selected acidic solution of pH 4.0, the CV molecules were in positively charged, while the deprotonation of phosphate group induced a negative charge in the yRNA chains. So the electrostatic attraction led to the molecular association of CV with yRNA. CONCLUSION In this paper the interaction of CV with yRNA was studied by UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. The results showed that a 1:1 biocomplex was formed with the binding constant as 1.65 x 105 L mol-1. The interaction conditions such as the buffer pH, CV concentration, reaction time and temperature etc. were carefully investigated. Under the optimal conditions, a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for yRNA detection was established and successfully applied to the samples determination. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has received support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20405008, 20635020) and the Doctoral Foundation of QUST (0022125). REFERENCES 1. W. H. Si, Y. Q. Zi, Spectroscopy Spectral. Anal. 25, 1846, (2005). [ Links ] 2. E. C. Long, J. K. Barton, Acc. Chem. Res. 23, 271, (1990). [ Links ] 3. W. Chen, N. J. Turro, D. A. Tomalia, Langmuir. 16, 15, (2000). [ Links ] 4. L. Jin, P. Yang, Q. S. Li, Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 17, 1345, (1996). [ Links ] 5. C. Z. Huang, K. A. Li, S. Y. Tong, Anal. Chem. 69, 514, (1997). [ Links ] 6. F. Gao, Y. X. Li, L. Zhang, L. Wang, Spectrochim. Acta. A. 60, 2505, (2004). [ Links ] 7. M. Aslanoglu, Acta Chim. Slov. 51, 107, (2004). [ Links ] 8. W. Sun, J. Y. You, X. Hu, K. Jiao, Anal. Sci. 22, 693, (2006). [ Links ] 9. H. Xu, H. Deng, H. Y. Hu, J. Z. Liu, H. Chao, J. Liu, L. N. Ji, Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 24, 25, (2003). [ Links ] 10. W. Sun, J. Y. You, X. Hu, K. Jiao, Anal. Lett. 39, 33, (2006). [ Links ] 11. D. T. Breslin, G. B. Schuster, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 2311, (1996). [ Links ] 12. Z. Balcarova, V. Brabec, Biophys. Chem. 33, 55, (1989). [ Links ] 13. P. J. Cater, C. C. Cheng, H. H. Thorp, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 632, (1998). [ Links ] 14. M. Lindell, P. Romby, E. G. Wagner, RNA 8, 534, (2002). [ Links ] 15. C. S. Chwo, J. K. Barton, Biochemistry 31, 5423, (1992). [ Links ] 16. A. C. Liu, J. K. Barton, Biochemistry 37, 9138, (1998). [ Links ] 17. F. Chu, J. Smith, M. Lynchv, E. V. Anslyn, Inorg. Chem. 34, 5689, (1995). [ Links ] 18. W. Sun, J. Y. You, Q. X. Wang, K. Jiao, Chem. Anal. 51, 477, (2006). [ Links ] 19. M. S. Ibrahim, Anal. Chim. Acta. 443, 63, (2001). [ Links ] 20. M. S. Ibrahim, I. S. Shehatta, A. A. Al-Nayeli, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 28, 217, (2002). [ Links ] (Received: October 2, 2007 - Accepted: July 14, 2008) * e-mail: sunwei@qust.edu.cn

tabel periodik unsur

unsur paling berat ditemukan

BERLIN — Para peneliti Jerman menemukan sebuah elemen kimia superberat dengan nomor 112 yang sedianya akan segera dipublikasikan dalam Tabel Periodik.

Penemuan unsur 112 (Ununbium) ini kali pertama ditemukan pada 1996, saat sebuah tim di kota Darmstadt sebelah barat daya Jerman menembakkan atom timah bermuatan melalui akselerator partikel yang panjangnya hampir 400 kaki (120 meter)untuk menumbuk sebuah timbal sasaran.

“Unsur baru itu beratnya hampir 277 kali lebih berat daripada hidrogen, membuatnya sebagai unsur terberat di tabel periodik,” kata para ilmuwan di GSI Helmholtz Center untuk Penelitian Ion Berat (Heavy Ion Research) dalam sebuah pernyataan.

Inti timah dan timbal dilebur untuk menghasilkan inti dari sebuah unsur baru yang juga dikenal sebagai Ununbium, nama latin dari 112 (nama latin dari 1=un, 2=bium, 112=Ununbium)

Uni Internasional bagian Kimia Murni dan Terapan / International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) telah mensahkan penemuan unsur 112 yang ditemukan oleh tim yang dipimpin oleh Sigurd Hofmann di Helmholtz Center. IUPAC telah meminta pemberian nama resmi unsur itu untuk diajukan.

John Jost, direktur eksekutif IUPAC di Carolina Utara mengatakan bahwa menciptakan unsur-unsur baru membantu para peneliti memahami bagaimana pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir berkembang dan fungsi bom atom.

Pemberian nomor atom 112 ini didapat dengan menjumlahkan nomor atom timah, yaitu 30 dan nomor atom 82 dari timbal (30+82=112). Nomor atom menunjukkan banyaknya proton yang terdapat di dalam inti atom.

Sejak 1981, para ilmuwan di Helmholtz Center telah menemukan enam unsur kimia, yang bernomor 107 – 112. Lima unsur sisanya sudah dikenal dan diberi nama.

Pada 1925 para ilmuwan menemukan unsur terakhir yang terdapat secara alami pada tabel periodik. Sejak itu para peneliti telah mencari untuk menciptakan unsur-unsur baru yang lebih berat.

Membuktikan keberadaan atom-atom dengan suatu massa yang demikian besar, yang juga disebut dengan unsur superberat, adalah suatu prosedur yang kompleks karena mereka hanya ada selama seper sekian detik yang sangat singkat sekali dan kemudian meluruh secara radioaktif menjadi unsur lain. (Reuters/pls)